Hendriks E, Rosenberg R, Prine L. Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. The combination of missing a menstrual period, pelvic pain, and vaginal spotting is often seen in ectopic pregnancies. In an ectopic pregnancy, the hCG level may increase less than 66% in 48 hours. The diagnosis of threatened abortion should be made in patients with bleeding and an ultrasound-confirmed viable intrauterine pregnancy. Vaginal bleeding or spotting also may occur. Association of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with ectopic pregnancy and preterm labor in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. Progestin Therapy Not Likely to Be Harmful in Women with First Trimester Bleeding. Cunningham FG, et al., eds. This type of ectopic pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy. Heres what to know. An hCG level of less than 5 mIU/mL is considered negative for pregnancy, and anything above 25 mIU/mL is considered positive for pregnancy. Dr. Ewan is a physician with a background in pediatrics. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. ERIN HENDRIKS, MD, RACHEL ROSENBERG, MD, AND LINDA PRINE, MD. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. Read ACOGs complete disclaimer. Ectopic precautions and serial -hCG levels should be continued until the level is undetectable. Dec. 4, 2019. Multidose protocols carry a higher risk of adverse effects and are not preferred.25, Before administering methotrexate, -hCG levels should be measured on days 1, 4, and 7 of treatment. For trusted, in-depth advice from ob-gyns, turn to Your Pregnancy and Childbirth: Month to Month. Treatment of diagnosed ectopic pregnancy includes medical management with intramuscular methotrexate, surgical management via salpingostomy or salpingectomy, and, in rare cases, expectant management. Complications Is an Ectopic Pregnancy Dangerous? Pain and heavy bleeding are associated with an increased risk of early pregnancy loss. Explore ACOG's library of patient education pamphlets. Serial beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels, serial ultrasonography, and, at times, uterine aspiration can be used to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. Surgical options include salpingostomy or salpingectomy. Uterus: A muscular organ located in the female pelvis that contains and nourishes the developing fetus during pregnancy. Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy requires prompt attention. Burnett TL (expert opinion). It is safe to try to conceive again immediately; those who attempt to conceive within the first three months after early pregnancy loss have higher rates of pregnancy and live birth compared with those who wait longer.33,34 Although a Cochrane review found insufficient evidence that psychological support after pregnancy loss improves well-being, the decision to refer for counseling should be made on an individual basis.35, The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 1% to 2% in the United States.36 Ruptured ectopic pregnancies account for 6% of all maternal deaths, with a higher rate in black patients.36 Risk factors include pelvic inflammatory disease, previous tubal surgery, previous ectopic pregnancy, and in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol.37 Criteria for surgical, medical, or expectant management are described in Table 3.6,15,38,39, -hCG level < 1,000 mIU per mL and decreasing, Ectopic or adnexal mass < 3 cm or not detected, Patient reliable for follow-up and has no barriers to accessing health care, No medical contraindication (hematologic dysfunction; liver, kidney, or pulmonary disease; immunodeficiency; peptic ulcer disease; breastfeeding; sensitivity to methotrexate; alcohol abuse), Advanced ectopic pregnancy (high -hCG level, large mass, embryonic cardiac activity), Contraindications to observation or methotrexate, Patient unreliable for follow-up or has barriers to accessing health care (individualization of intervention), Unstable vital signs or signs of hemoperitoneum, Surgical management is indicated for patients with contraindications to medical treatment or failed medical treatment, and for patients who are hemodynamically unstable. The search included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, guidelines, and reviews. Certain factors place a person at a relatively higher risk of having an ectopic pregnancy. It offers current information and opinions related to women's health. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 1% to 2% in the United States and accounts for 6% of all maternal deaths. Intramuscular methotrexate is the only medication appropriate for the management of ectopic pregnancy. Correa-de-Araujo R, Yoon SS (Sarah). During a transvaginal ultrasound, you lie on an exam table while a health care provider or a medical technician puts a wandlike device, known as a transducer, into the vagina. Prolonged exposure to sunlight. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. If an ultrasound doesnt show an embryo in your uterus, it could be that its too early in pregnancy to see the embryo, or it could be an ectopic pregnancy. In the case of an ectopic pregnancy, the hCG level may just plateau or increase at a very slow rate, but . By 6 to 7 weeks gestation doubling time decreases to roughly every 3 days. You will not be able to use methotrexate if you are breastfeeding or have certain health problems. If theres a mass in the area of the fallopian tubes or ovary, this may represent an ectopic pregnancy. Taking methotrexate can have some side effects. If hCG levels have not decreased enough after the first dose, another dose of methotrexate may be recommended. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Typically, if you go to your health care provider with concerns like this, they will order an ultrasound. You will have careful follow-up over time until hCG is no longer found in your blood. For symptomatic women with a viable intrauterine pregnancy, initial -hCG levels of less than 1,500 mIU per mL, 1,500 to 3,000 mIU per mL, or more than 3,000 mIU per mL will increase over 48 hours by at least 49%, 40%, or 33%, respectively.10 A slower rate of increase suggests early pregnancy loss or ectopic pregnancy. There are different treatment protocols, but the single-dose regimen is most common.15 This includes an intramuscular injection of 50 mg of methotrexate per m2, followed by close monitoring of symptoms and measurement of -hCG levels four and seven days after injection. An early ectopic pregnancy without unstable bleeding is most often treated with a medication called methotrexate, which stops cell growth and dissolves existing cells. If hCG levels have not decreased enough after the . Assisted Reproductive Technology: A group of infertility treatments in which an egg is fertilized with a sperm outside the body; the fertilized egg then is transferred to the uterus. Next, your doctor uses a thin tube equipped with a camera lens and light (laparoscope) to view the tubal area. Molecular Reproduction and Development. Several weeks of follow-up are required with each treatment. Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is extremely rare, with a tremendous maternal mortality and morbidity risk, requiring rapid diagnosis and management. Pregnancy that develops outside the uterus is called ectopic pregnancy. This does not require the removal of the fallopian tube. In some cases, the fallopian tube can be saved. It can be helpful to jot down your questions for the doctor before your visit. Despite the fact that these factors can increase a persons risk of an ectopic pregnancy, anyone can experience an ectopic pregnancy. Don't have an ob-gyn? The rate of increase slows as pregnancy progresses and typically plateaus around 100,000 mIU per mL (100,000 IU per L) at 10 weeks' gestation.16 A decrease in -hCG of at least 21% over 48 hours suggests a likely failed intrauterine pregnancy, whereas a smaller decrease should raise concern for ectopic pregnancy.17, The discriminatory level is the -hCG level above which an intrauterine pregnancy is expected to be seen on transvaginal ultrasonography; it varies with the type of ultrasound machine used, the sonographer, and the number of gestations. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Could You Have Subclinical Hypothyroidism? The estimated mortality of ectopic pregnancy is between 2 and 4/1000. Only the uterus is physically able to carry a growing fetus. 2022 Sep;49(3):537-549. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.02.018. Expectant management, medical management, and uterine aspiration are safe methods for treating anembryonic gestations and fetal demise. Other side effects may include: It is important to follow up with your ob-gyn or other health care professional until your treatment with methotrexate is complete. Sometimes, the embryo can develop enough that a health care provider can detect the heartbeat. Multiple treatment options exist depending on the characteristics and gestational age of the pregnancy, which your health care provider can discuss with you. Are you in pain? A review of the menstrual history and prior ultrasonography can help establish gestational dating and determine whether the pregnancy location is known. Prescription pain medication and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. The definitive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy can be made with ultrasound visualization of a yolk sac and/or embryo in the adnexa. A choice of either methotrexate or surgical management is offered to women with an ectopic pregnancy who have a serum hCG level of at least 1500 IU/L and less than 5000 IU/L, . Patients with suspected or confirmed ectopic pregnancy who exhibit signs and symptoms of ruptured ectopic pregnancy should be emergently transferred for surgical intervention. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. After six weeks, the levels will double about every 96 hours. Some people with ectopic pregnancies are more stable at the time theyre diagnosed. The rate of -hCG increase is less rapid as the level increases. Accessed Dec. 29, 2017. With this procedure, mature eggs are fertilized in a lab and then implanted into the uterus. Women with an ectopic pregnancy may have irregular bleeding and pelvic or abdominal pain, often on one side. Methotrexate may be used if the pregnancy has not ruptured a fallopian tube. Talk about your feelings and allow yourself to experience them fully. If hCG levels plateau or rise, reassess the woman's condition for further treatment. However, if a person's hCG level is rising slowly or decreasing, this suggests that the pregnancy may be ectopic. Do you plan to become pregnant in the future? Pregnancies can also be classified as pregnancy of unknown location if the hCG is positive but the pregnancy cannot be visualized on ultrasound (either inside or outside of the uterus). The laparoscope is used to view the pelvic organs. This can be done laparoscopically or through an abdominal incision (laparotomy). In the vast majority of ectopic pregnancies, the fertilized egg implants somewhere in the fallopian tube. If we combine this information with your protected PMID: 31621664. This information is designed as an educational aid for the public. It is appropriate for family physicians to treat hemodynamically stable patients in conjunction with their primary obstetrician. Other potential symptoms include presyncope, syncope, vomiting, diarrhea, shoulder pain, lower urinary tract symptoms, rectal pressure, or pain with defecation.11, The physical examination can reveal signs of hemodynamic instability (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia) in women with ruptured ectopic pregnancy and hemoperitoneum.12 Patients with unruptured ectopic pregnancy often have cervical motion or adnexal tenderness.13 Sometimes the ectopic pregnancy itself can be palpated as a painful mass lateral to the uterus. Yes, ectopic pregnancies are dangerous. What are my chances of having a healthy pregnancy in the future? The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy are reviewed here with a focus on tubal pregnancy. 2019;74. doi:10.6061/clinics/2019/e1111. Four weeks postoperatively, serum -HCG levels had a . Once you have had an ectopic pregnancy, you are at higher risk of having another one. Ectopic pregnancy in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia Nigeria - A 5-year review. If the ectopic pregnancy is causing heavy bleeding, you might need emergency surgery. It may take a few cycles for your periods to return to normal. information submitted for this request. This procedure uses a slender, lighted camera that is inserted through small cuts in the abdomen. Higher-than-typical hCG levels can signal that you're carrying multiples or, in rare cases, have a molar pregnancy. Will I need to follow any special precautions if I become pregnant again? PloS One. Data Sources: An evidence summary generated from Essential Evidence Plus was reviewed and relevant studies referenced. Additionally, a PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key terms ectopic pregnancy, first trimester bleeding, and pregnancy of unknown location. Progesterone levels rise much differently than hCG levels, with an average of 1-3mg/ml every couple days until they reach their peak for that trimester. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. An ectopic pregnancy most often happens in your fallopian tube (a structure that connects your ovaries and uterus). In addition to her MD, she holds a Master of Public Health degree. In an ectopic pregnancy, the hCG level may increase less than 66% in 48 hours. Vital signs indicating hemodynamic instability or peritoneal signs on physical examination require emergent evaluation. Therefore, in a desired pregnancy, it is recommended that a discriminatory level as high as 3,500 mIU per mL (3,500 IU per L) be used to avoid misdiagnosis and interruption of a viable pregnancy, although most pregnancies will be visualized by the time the -hCG level reaches 1,500 mIU per mL.18,19. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. The most common gestational age of diagnosis is between 6 to 10 weeks. The discriminatory level (1,500 to 3,000 mIU per mL) is the -hCG level above which an intrauterine pregnancy should be visible on transvaginal ultrasonography. . Have you been pregnant before? In: Williams Obstetrics. Copyright 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. During future pregnancies, be alert for signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy until your ob-gyn or other health care professional confirms the next pregnancy is growing in the right place. Uterine aspiration should be considered to evaluate for intrauterine chorionic villi in patients with a pregnancy of unknown location. Here are some questions you might want to ask your doctor: In addition to your prepared questions, don't hesitate to ask questions anytime you don't understand something. Published online July 1, 2020. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011174.pub2, Taran FA, Kagan KO, Hbner M, et al. Approximately one-fourth of pregnant women will experience bleeding in the first trimester. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus. Ask a loved one or friend to come with you, if possible. ERIN HENDRIKS, MD, HONOR MACNAUGHTON, MD, AND MARICELA CASTILLO MACKENZIE, MD, Related letter: Progestin Therapy Not Likely to Be Harmful in Women with First Trimester Bleeding. These can be referred to as tubal pregnancies. Ectopic pregnancies can also occur in the cervix, abdomen, or ovary, but these are much rarer than tubal pregnancies. Search dates: October 26, 2018, through January 14, 2020. Bed rest or progestins should not be recommended to prevent early pregnancy loss in patients with first trimester bleeding because these interventions have not been proven effective. In general, the single-dose protocol should be used in patients with -hCG levels less than 3,600 mIU per mL (3,600 IU per L), and the two-dose protocol should be considered for patients with higher initial -hCG levels, especially those with levels greater than 5,000 mIU per mL. The hCG levels in an ectopic pregnancy often rise slower than usual, meaning they will not double every two to three days in early pregnancy. Its not always possible to see an embryo either inside the uterus or in another location. This triggers the uterus lining to grow and produce other hormones that help keep a pregnancy going. Ask your ob-gyn or other health care professional to recommend a counselor. Before you take methotrexate, blood tests will be done to measure the level of hCG and the functions of certain organs. You will definitely need to be followed closely until your health care provider can determine if your pregnancy is in the uterus or if its ectopic. At-home urine tests require higher levels of hCG to detect a pregnancy, typically at least 20 mIU/mL. When an intrauterine pregnancy is detected on ultrasonography but viability is uncertain, repeat ultrasonography should be performed in seven to 10 days to confirm viability.3,5 In these cases, a normal increase in the -hCG level or a normal progesterone level can be reassuring. Typical hCG Doubling Times. A wide variety of symptoms are associated with an ectopic pregnancy. Have you had a sexually transmitted infection? Skip to primary navigation . General Anesthesia: The use of drugs that produce a sleep-like state to prevent pain during surgery. Laparotomy is reserved for patients who are hemodynamically unstable. In fact, a 2017 study into hCG found that "the slowest or minimal rise for a normal viable intrauterine pregnancy was 24% at one day and 53% at two days. Setting a low -HCG cutoff value increases the sensitivity of ultrasound and -hCG at diagnosing an ectopic . Abstract. People who have had a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) also have a higher risk for an ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterine cavity. Patients who choose expectant management should have -hCG levels monitored every 48 hours, and medical or surgical management should be recommended if -hCG levels do not decrease sufficiently.5, This article updates a previous article on this topic by Barash, et al.12. 25th ed. Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure in which an instrument called a laparoscope is inserted into the pelvic cavity through a small incision. It can take time for the level of hCG in your body to drop after treatment for an ectopic pregnancy. Medical management is safe and effective in carefully selected patients. | Cigarette smoking and having more than one sexual partner also increase the risk for an ectopic pregnancy. Depending on your symptoms and when the ectopic pregnancy is discovered, this may be done using medication, laparoscopic surgery or abdominal surgery. When Low hCG Levels Suggest Ectopic Pregnancy . https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Many women who have an ectopic pregnancy go on to have a future, healthy pregnancy. Randomized trials have shown no difference in sequelae between methotrexate administration and fallopian tubesparing laparoscopic surgery, including rates of future intrauterine pregnancy and risk of future ectopic pregnancy.29 The decision whether to remove the fallopian tube or leave it in place depends on the extent of damage to the tube (evaluated intraoperatively) and the patient's desire for future fertility. Established criteria should be used to determine treatment options for ectopic pregnancy, including expectant management, medical management with methotrexate, or surgical intervention. By approximately 10 weeks' gestation, the -hCG level typically plateaus or decreases, after which serial ultrasonography is the preferred diagnostic tool.11, Rh factor testing should be performed if Rh status is not known at the time of presentation. You can detect hCG in either blood or urine . What are the chances of dying from an ectopic pregnancy? https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html. You may continue to feel pregnant for a while. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. By the time you reach 8 to 10 weeks, your hCG level will have reached its peak. Pregnancy of unknown location. After this . 2019 Oct-Dec;26(4):235-238. doi:10.4103/npmj.npmj_105_19. Advanced ectopic pregnancy (high -hCG level, large mass, embryonic cardiac activity) This content is owned by the AAFP. Get the Stats on Ectopic Pregnancies. If the woman is less than 6 weeks pregnant and is bleeding but not in pain, consider expectant management. There are two methods used to treat an ectopic pregnancy: 1) medication and 2) surgery. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Very early in pregnancy, the embryo can grow within the fallopian tube without causing any symptoms. However, if a persons hCG level is rising slowly or decreasing, this suggests that the pregnancy may be ectopic. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. In these cases, the ectopic pregnancy can be removed from the tube, or the entire tube with the pregnancy can be removed. 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